Security Testing from Agile Perspective - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1484 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Development Essay Did you like this example? Security testing from perspective of scrum development Rudra Prasad Tripathy Ph. D. scholar, Utkal university Technical architect, JDA india software(P) Ltd. Hyderabad,India [emailprotected] com Ranjit Kumar Panda Senior Engineer, MindTree Limited Bangalore, India panda. [emailprotected] com Abstract— We are trying to show how security testing plays predominant role in secured development and through agile methodology-particularly scrum is a suitable development process. Keywords-scrum;security testing. 1. Introduction Application security is in attention for last few years where security no more allures to network security and transcen. Security testing is also crux of secured development though it’s not getting its due importance. In this paper we would discuss issues involved in security testing in traditional software development lifecycle approach like waterfall and would compare with scrum methodology, which is a agile methodology to see how it would smoothen few issues and would facilitate security testing. We would take cross-side scripting as the example to illustrate the study. 1. 1What is security testing? Application security would basically deals with the situation to try to break the software as what an attacker would do. This is different from traditional testing because of following idiosyncratic features. a. Traditional testing doesn’t deal with what happens if it fails, where as security testing objective to break the system and would play a role of antagonist. Hence it requires dexterity and experience to draw suitable test cases apart from tools and frameworks.. b. This would be part of risk management and hence need to reckon the cost involved. We may need to define adequate security [1] parlance to application’s business domain and value proposition aimed at. For example definition of adequate security a online credit card application and online healthcare system would differ. Hence prioritiz ation and budgeting of resources are few factors need to be considered. c. Testing of different possible vulnerabilities [2]. 1. 2Security testing approaches. Currently application security testing has been done as a white box testing, may be with help of few tools like static analysis tools to study the vulnerability. Apart from that non functional testing has been conducted to see chance of failures against vicarious attack of adversary. 1. 3Cross-Site Scripting Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities were verified as executing code on the web application. This occurs when dynamically generated web pages display user input, such as login information, that is not properly validated, allowing an attacker to embed malicious scripts into the generated page and then execute the script on the machine of any user that views the site. XSS can generally be subdivided into two categories-stored and reflected attacks. Stored attacks are something like form stored on the target server, such as in a database, or via a submission to a bulletin board or visitor log. Reflected attacks, on the other hand, come from somewhere else. This happens when user input from a web client is immediately included via server-side scripts in a dynamically generated web page. Insufficient filtering of client-supplied data that is returned to web users by the web application is the major cause. In many cases, the client-supplied data is being used in the HTTP headers, which could be exploited by using carriage return-linefeed sequence-an attacker can add HTTP headers to the response and completely write the body of the HTTP request. 2. MOTIVATION In one of the web application, an XSS was found through use of third party tool. This was a critical defect. Design had been made and after implementation code had been tested by security compliance team. Cross-site scripting carried out on websites were roughly 80% of all security vulnerabilities documented by Symantec as of 2007. A ful l security review usually involves more than just seeking out XSS vulnerabilities. it also involves overall threat modeling, testing for different threats like overflows, information disclosure, error handling, SQL injection, authentication, and authorization bugs. The nice thing is that doing a thorough job in any one area often overlaps with another. Like, while testing for XSS vulnerabilities, you will very often identify error handling and information disclosure problems as well. Though automated tool like webinspect were available, we did some manual testing through a tool called Paros [8] for HTTP traffic interception. Intercepting the client GET and POST requests is extremely important. One could circumvent any sort of client-side JavaScript input validation code that may have been pushed down. A simple test will be changing a get parameter in the request. Let the URL is as below https://www. yoursite. com/index. html? param=test. One would modify the URL like https://w ww. yoursite. com/index. html? name=alert(XSS), and subsequently, if a popup opens up saying XSS then this parameter is open to XSS vulnerable. Paros Proxy is used to intercept the request parameter. Using this tool we will inject some malicious javascript code into the cookies, header or form parameters. If the code will be executed while the response is displayed in the browser, the application is vulnerable to XSS. 2. 1 Security testing models There are many methodologies proposed by SEI [5] like SSE-CMM, TSM for secured development. Following are the steps for secured development life cycle [4] followed at Microsoft. Stage 0: Education and Awareness Stage 1: Project Inception Stage 2: Define and Follow Design Best Practices Stage 3: Product Risk Assessment Stage 4: Risk Analysis Stage 5: Creating Security Documents, Tools, and Best Practices for Customers Stage 6: Secure Coding Policies Stage 7: Secure Testing Policies Stage 8: The Security Push Stage 9: The Final Security Re view Stage 10: Security Response Planning Stage 11: Product Release Stage 12: Security Response Execution This best suits to development practice like waterfall model. 2.. 2 Techniques for security testing Though security testing requires some level of craftsmanship, still we could derive some common techniques for analysis. We can broadly divide insecurities into two categories –insecurity by design and insecurity by implementation [7]. Analyses of bugs are another way of identifying the problem and deriving the solution, to some extent general use of this could be ascribes to already available taxonomies. We could see how following agile practice would better tackle the problems and techniques could be applied in a better way. 3. ACHIEVING AGILITY Many enterprises like Microsoft [9], IBM have presented skewed steps of normal life cycle to achieve agility Followings are mapping between steps provided for agile development features of scrum process. In above mentioned w orks authors try to explain from waterfall perspective of agile. In the following points, we are trying to show how agile is inherently suitable for secured development and particularly for security testing. . Short development period A typical development period is 2-3 weeks which means at end of every sprint one would test the software. In various papers, limitation of seven plus minus two has been advocated. Duration of 2-3 week development would make it easier for a security tester to identify impacted area, hence would help in fuzz testing. ii. Incremental development As the development is incremental, work like threat modeling. It also help in planning when to implement requirement exceptions and hence security review. iii. Cross functional team As there is paucity of security experts, one would conduct sprints specific to implement security features. As output application size is incremental developer would find it easy to do code review and rectify cryptographic error cod e. iv. Defining done Though 2-3 weeks is a small amount of time, we cannot really achieve everything. But we could define what we mean by done. We may define identifying issues as done only, may be through static analysis tool. There is a flexibility to inject short sprints in between where we could pick up security implementation instead of product features. Hence agile is a natural choice for secured development. v. No Documentation Maintaining document for threat modeling and other security test cases would be redundant and overhead maintaining documents for satisfying process requirement would not be required. Hence from process perspective we don’t need to do agile, secured testing can be agile. 4. CONCLUSION There is a gap in understanding of scrum from quality perspective. We tried to bridge the gap and to make development process more secured. Further empirical studies and experience papers would help to buttress use of agile for development of secured applicati ons and products. References 1]Bruce Potter and McGraw Gary, â€Å"Software Security Testing† [Article], IEEE Security and Privacy. 2004. pp. 32-35. 2]C. E. Landwehr et al. , â€Å"A Taxonomy of Computer Program Security Flaws,with Examples†, tech. report NRL/FR/5542—93/9591, Naval Research Laboratory, Nov. 1993. 3]Allen Julia, Barnum Sean, Ellison Robert, McGraw Gary and Mead Nancy. â€Å"Software Security: A Guide for Project Managers†, Addison-Wesley, 2008. 4]Steve Lipner,Michael Howard,†The Trustworthy Computing Security Development Lifecycle†,Security Engineering and Communications Security Business and Technology Unit,Microsoft Corporation, March 2005. 5]Noopur Davis,†Secure Software Development Life Cycle Processes†, Software Engineering Institute ,2009. 6]K Tsipenyuk, B Chess, G McGraw IEEE Security Privacy Magazine, 2005 7]OWASP Top Ten Most Critical Web Application Security Vulnerabilities, https://www. owasp. org /documentation/topten. html 8]https://www. parosproxy. org 9]https://www. blackhat. com/presentations/bh-dc-10/Sullivan_Bryan/BlackHat-DC-2010-Sullivan-SDL-Agile-wp. pdf Don’t waste time! 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Violence Against Nurses in the Emergency Department

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Environmental Crisis Essay Example For Students

Environmental Crisis Essay We Have An Environmental Crisis Because We Have A People Crisis A Crisis ofPopulation Growth, of Wasteful Consumption of Resources, and A Crisis of Apathyand Inaction.An environmental crisis is an emergency concerned with the place in which everyhuman lives the environment. A people crisis is an emergency with thecommunity that inhabits the world environment. A crisis of population growth isa turning point where the environment can no longer sustain the amounts ofpeople which it contains. A crisis of apathy and inaction is one where thehuman race cannot be motivated to solve the problems with the environment thatthey themselves have created. The claim that we have an environmental crisis because we have a people crisisis valid because our environmental problems have largely resulted frompopulation growth, which has lead to apathy and inaction with regard to thewasteful consumption of resources. Examples are the desertification of the Sahelin Africa, the one child policy in China and the mis-management of our oceans. The Sahel is a strip of land that extends for more than 6000 kilometres acrossthe southern edge of the Sahara desert. It stretches from Senegal andMauritania in the west to Ethiopia and Somalia in the east. These nations areamong the worlds poorest. The area is one of social and biophysical crisis because of the way thepopulation are forced to live; they are destroying the productivity of the land. The alarming rate of population growth and ever increasing pressure on the landhave initiated an expansion of desert-like conditions into the Sahel a processcalled desertification. Traditionally, the people of the drier, northern Sahel followed a nomadiclifestyle, constantly moving their herds of cattle, sheep and goats over largeareas in the search for suitable grazing land. These movements preventedovergrazing and lessened the likelihood of land degradation. With increasinghuman numbers, the increased intensity of land use, and the harvesting of treesand scrub for fuel wood threaten to overwhelm the regions fragile environmentand result in permanent ecological damage and declining standard of living. During the 20th century 3.9 billion people have been added to the worldspopulation. This is an increase of 244%. Rapid growth occurred because of the improvementof living conditions, reduced child mortality rates and increased lifeexpectancy. The population of undeveloped nations will continue to grow in the foreseeablefuture because at present 45% of the population is under 15 years of age. In the North the population growth is slowing down because children areconsidered an expense. In Italy, Germany and Austria, the growth rate isnegative. The slowdown in population growth is a result of the lower fertility rates thathave accompanied improvements in the quality of peoples lives and theincreasing use of contraceptives throughout the South. As peoples economicwell-being improves they tend to have less children. Future efforts to control population growth will depend on the Norths capacityto share the worlds resources and the ability of poor nations to improve thequality of life experienced by their people. At the beginning of this century there were some 426 million people living inChina. This has resulted in a country that has endured the demographic effectsof devastating famines, wars, and epidemics for millennia; the population growthand change that occurred in the 20th century is unprecedented. By the year 2000, the Chinese population is officially projected to top the 1.3billion mark. About two-thirds of this 900 million increase was added within thelast 50 years, as mortality was reduced amid high fertility rates. .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241 , .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241 .postImageUrl , .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241 , .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241:hover , .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241:visited , .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241:active { border:0!important; } .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241:active , .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241 .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub9a04bc0a444777a8d84d20a93b7c241:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rose For Emily By Faulkner EssayThe Chinese government has been moved by this demographic affluence to curbfertility. Chinas strategic demographic initiatives (SDI) were contrived out ofthis need. The government installed numerous measures for curbing fertility,embracing delayed marriage, sterilisation, all known contraceptive methods, andabortion. Exhortations, campaigns, financial and material incentives, andnumerous other sanctions were used to implement the policies. All these effortswere, at first, to redirect young couples to have fewer offspring and, later, toheed the one-child-per-couple, or minimal reproduction, policy. The purpose of this call for minimal reproduction was to keep the populationfrom exceeding 1.2 billion by the year 2000. The scheme has proved problematicinside the country and controversial abroad for practical, political, ethical,and religious reasons. The massive gain in population in recent decades has intensified olddifficulties in the countrys effort to raise living standards, and has ignitednew economic, environmental, and social concerns within the nations borders. The major issues range from Chinas population carrying capacity, unemploymentand underemployment in the countryside, surging urbanisation, and spreading airand water pollution to mass illiteracy and education in relation to development. SDI itself has added such new concerns as the effect of son preference on femaleinfanticide and the sex ratio, the impact of a fast fertility reduction onpopulation aging, and the implications of exempting the countrys 55 minoritygroups from the nations fertility control measures. The global significance of Chinas demographics is likewise enormous. Whateverthe size of Chinas population is at the dawn of the 21st century it is certainto account for twenty percent of the worlds projected population. Chinasindustrialisation, modernisation, expanding use of natural resources, and risingconsumption will increasingly disrupt the earths ecosystem. It has been thought that the worlds seas would provide an inexhaustible supplyof fish, however, this has been found to be untrue. Since the 1950s there hasbeen a rapid increase in the amount of fish caught and most traditional foodfishes are now over-exploited and stocks are falling. Overfishing is partly the result of the belief that the worlds oceans arecommon property, and belong to everyone. They have been seen as a resource opento everyone with no one responsible for their protection. This has led toexploitation and the Tragedy of the Commons. This tragedy occurs when aresource is freely available to everyone; everyone uses the resource to themaximum so that the resource is eventually destroyed. Each year the cities of the world flush enough oil down their storm waterdrains and sewers into the sea to fill three Exxon Valdez supertankers. Largeareas of seas such as the Baltic and Mediterranean are now dead from pollution. Fishing is the most traditional activity in Australian waters . Today a fleet of10,000 boats lands a harvest of 200,000 tonnes of fish, prawns lobsters adshellfish worth $1.2 billion a year. Being long-established, the fishing industry was also first to encounter thebiological limits of local waters: of our top 10 fisheries, five are now classedas over-exploited and five fully exploited. Now, if a particular fishery dropsto unsustainable levels, catch limits may be imposed. In greatest difficultiesare southern bluefin tuna, southern shark and gemfish. New fishery prospects arefew and costly to develop, most being in deep water. Related problems in fishing include the extent to which trawling damages thesea-bottom and changes the populations of sea creatures, and the growingconfrontation between inshore fishers and recreational anglers, which many nowpredict will end in bans on professional fishing. The ever increasing need for food due to population growth, has led to widerareas of the oceans being fished. Increasingly, fishing is taking place far outto sea, beyond the continental shelf in the waters of the continental slopes andocean depths. Large fishing nations such as Japan, the USSR and the USA havefleets of trawlers that operate in these areas using the latest technology whichfurther deplete ocean stocks. .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393 , .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393 .postImageUrl , .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393 , .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393:hover , .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393:visited , .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393:active { border:0!important; } .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393:active , .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393 .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u68e68c0332c36ff696440caca30c8393:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why Do We Need The Covenants? EssayThese modern methods exploit the ocean resources by catching too much fish andby not being selective in what fish they catch before it is too late to throwthem back. This will eventually deplete worlds fish supplies and if trawlercompanies do not start to limit catches. The major issue concerned with the downfall of our oceans is that marine life isvital to the food chain which includes our survival in the future. There are many other long term issues involved within environmental crisis. Some of these are air pollution, garbage, logging and erosion. Often governmentsoverlook these problems when creating new policies because they seem to be moreconcerned with immediate economic considerations. Globally, there is anindifference towards environmental issues and a lack of concern for the well-being of the world environment today. These examples have illustrated thatpeople put their own personal needs before the survival of the earth. Thedeveloped nations of the earth need to take a larger responsibility for theenvironment, as they have been educated to the ill effects of pollution andover-population and they have only themselves to blame for environmentaldestruction. As for the people in the nations of the South, population growthneeds to be slowed possibly by educating women about contraception, economicincentives, people interested in careers, less infant mortality and increasingthe cost of children. Apathy and inaction can be reversed by concerted and effective Governmentpolicies that encourage personal, social and economic benefits. Apathy must beresisted if our planet is to survive. Category: History

Midsummer Nights Dream And Romeo And Juliet Essays -

Midsummer Nights Dream And Romeo And Juliet Certain parallels can be drawn between William Shakespeare's plays, "A Midsummer Night's Dream", and "Romeo and Juliet". These parallels concern themes and prototypical Shakespearian character types. Both plays have a distinct pair of 'lovers', Hermia and Lysander, and Romeo and Juliet, respectively. Both plays could have also easily been tragedy or comedy with a few simple changes. A tragic play is a play in which one or more characters have a moral flaw that lead to his/her downfall. A comedic play has at least one humorous character, and a successful or happy ending. Comparing these two plays is useful to find how Shakespeare uses similar character types in a variety of plays, and the versatility of the themes which he uses. In "Romeo and Juliet", Juliet is young, "not yet fourteen", and she is beautiful, and Romeo's reaction after he sees her is: "O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night As a rich jewel in an Ethiop's ear Beauty to rich for use, for the earth too dear!" Juliet is also prudent, "Although I joy in thee, I have no joy in this contract tonight. It is too rash, too unadvised, too sudden." She feels that because they have just met, they should abstain from sexual intercourse. Hermia is also young, and prudent. When Lysander suggests that "One turf shall serve as a pillow for both of us, One heart, one bed, two bosoms, and one troth," Hermia replies "Nay, good Lysander. For my sake, my dear, Lie further off yet; do not lie so near." Although this couple has known each other for a while (Romeo and Juliet knew each other for one night when the above quote was spoken), Hermia also abstains from even sleeping near Lysander even though she believes he does not have impure intentions. Romeo's and Juliet's families are feuding. Because of these feuds, their own parents will not allow the lovers to see each other. In the a differnet way Hermia is not allowed to marry Lysander. Hermia's father Egeus says to Theseus, Duke of Athens: "Full of vexation come I, with complaint Against my child, my daughter Hermia. Stand fourth, Demetrius. My noble lord, This man hath my consent to marry her. Stand forth, Lysander. And, my gracious Duke, This man hath bewitched the bosom of my child." Egeus tells the Duke that his daughter can marry Demetrius, not Lysander. Hermia replies ". . . If I refuse to wed Demetrius," Egeus replies "Either to die the death, or to abjure for ever the society of men." If Hermia does go against her father's wishes, and weds Lysander, she will either be put to death, or be forced to become a nun. Both pairs of lovers also seek help from another. Juliet and Romeo seek Friar Lawrence, and Lysander and Hermia seek Lysander's aunt, who lives in the woods near Athens. Both sets of youths have the same character type. They are young, their love is prohibited, both women are prudent, and both seek the help of an adult. Yet they have their subtle differences. For example, Lysander, never mentioned a love before Hermia. Romeo loved Rosaline, before he loved Juliet. Hermia's family and Lysander's family were not feuding, whereas the Montagues' and Capulets' feude was central to the plot of the play. The stories of "Romeo and Juliet" and "A Midsummer Night's Dream" are very different however. "A Midsummer Night's Dream" is a comedy. Oberon, king of the fairies, sends a mischievous imp named, Puck, to play a trick on the queen of the fairies, Titania, and on a pair of Athenian youth. Puck turns Nick Bottom's head into that of an ass (Nick Bottom is the man in the play production within "A Midsummer Night's Dream"; he tried to play every part), and places an herb on Titania that causes her to fall in love with him. This is quite humorous. However, at the end of the play all the couples are back together, with the ones they love. Thus Lysander and Hermia do get married. If Egeus had showed up at the wedding, he could have killed her. Egeus' dominate nature is his 'flaw', and if he would have attended the wedding, and killed his daughter, this play could have been a tragedy. Likewise, "Romeo and Juliet", could have been a comedy. The first two acts of this play qualifies it as a comedy. In act I, Sampson and Gregory,